بررسی وضعیت موقوفات زنان در دوره رضاشاه

Abstract
Endowment has been prevalent as a social phenomenon since ancient times, and with the arrival of Islam in Iran, especially since the Safavid period, it has increased in size and variety, and until Reza Shah came to power, many men and women dedicated a part of their property with mainly religious and pious intentions. However, as a result of Reza Shah's anti-religious and anti-clerical policies, which included the approval of the endowment law in 1313, there were changes in the status of endowments, including women's endowments. The present research tries to study the descriptive-analytical method and based on the information available in the women's endowments, the social classes of the women endowments, their intentions regarding the endowment, the amount and variety of endowments, their uses and functions, and the impact of Reza Shah's policies on the status of women's endowments. The results of the research show that during Reza Shah's period, women from different social classes and with mainly religious intentions dedicated a part of their property, especially agricultural land and residential and commercial property, with the mainly religious and mourning functions of imams, but as a result of Reza Shah's anti-religious policies, the number of women's endowments was reduced.
Keywords: Endowment, Women's Endowment, Reza Shah, Endowment Law.
Introduction
Endowment is an ancient and universal social tradition and is rooted in a sense of philanthropy and helping fellow human beings. So that in ancient Iran, people used to spend part of their property and possessions for temples and gods and arresting the poor. But with the advent of Islam and the introduction of many verses and traditions of the Prophet and imams in this context, this tradition spread. In the meantime, Fatima, the daughter of Islam, who had activities in the field of endowment of the Prophet, can be mentioned as one of the Islamic models for Iranians, especially for Iranian Muslim women. The path of endowment in Iran after Islam has been accompanied by ups and downs under the influence of religious and religious factors and the political situation of the time. In this period of history, we also see active women in this field who continued the tradition of endowment in various ways, including Mahdolia Goharshad Agha, the wife of Shahrukh, the son of Amir Timur Gorkani, who made money with her personal jewelry. Served Goharshad Mosque. But in the meantime, the Safavid period is a turning point in the history of Iranian endowments. In the shadow of the religious policies of the government and the actions of the kings of this dynasty, the endowment increased, but with their fall until the Qajar rule came to power, the endowment decreased to some extent. With the establishment of the Qajar dynasty, he was once again blessed with many endowments and properties for mosques, schools and mosques. In this period, women once again became active in the field of endowment, and the names of women like "Anis-al-Doulah", the wife of Naseruddin Shah, are mentioned. However, with the efficiency of Reza Shah, the time of his rule, which is within the scope of the present research, took a different direction in the entire regional society. In terms of quantity and quality, the endowment was not free from these influences, and as a result of Reza Shah's policies such as secularism and modernism, this institution experienced a different situation. During Reza Shah's reign, the administration of endowments was removed from Rouhani and placed under the supervision of the government, and Reza Shah seized many endowment properties and passed laws such as endowments law. All these had an impact on the state of endowments, including women's endowments, which are examined in this research based on available documents and sources.
 
Materials & Methods
The present research is conducted with the method of content analysis and relying on the information available in the women's endowments of the Reza Shah period.
Discussion & Result
Endowment names are important historical documents and first-hand sources of research. But Abdullah scattered the country's endowment documents and their storage centers in libraries, museums, registration offices, Red Crescent, National Documents Center, Veterans Foundation, Astan Quds Razavi, Astana- Hazrat Masoumeh, Hazrat Azim and Shahcheragh, offices. Endowments of cities, cultural heritage organization, personal collections, etc. have made practical researchers with excruciating damages. Organization of Endowments and Charitable Affairs has reread endowment documents and published them in 7 volumes. This collection is not complete and has not investigated all the provinces of the country, but due to the access to the documents of the endowments, these volumes are very useful, while the information contained in this collection is accurate and under the supervision of the Vice-Chancellor of Culture. Organization of endowments and charitable affairs has been compiled. The tables and images in this article are more descriptions of the books of the list of Iran's endowment documents, as well as endowment documents available in the General Department of Endowments and Charitable Affairs of Qazvin province and the book of spiritual links of Isfahan and Karbala, a report of Iran's endowment documents. And it is set based on the provincial divisions of the country.
 
Conclusions
During the period of Reza Shah, with the approval of the endowments law in 1313, which was done with the aim of controlling its income from the government and depriving clerics of sources of endowments, the amount of women's endowments was greatly reduced. While in the early years of Reza Shah's rule, when his religious policies were not yet revealed, the number of women's endowments was several times higher than in later years. Regarding the social status of women in knowledge, it should be said that in the list of women in knowledge of this period, we come across the names of women from aristocratic, governmental, merchant families, as well as families with religious titles. Of course, it should be noted that endowment is not specific to a certain class and women from other social classes also endow their assets. The women of Waqif of the first Pahlavi period have endowed most of the property-type competitors. These types of competitors include land and farms, residential properties including houses and mansions, and commercial properties including shops, rooms, and markets. Also, among the types of endowments, there are cases of village endowments, gardens, baths, caravanserais, aqueducts, water, wheat, dishes, household furniture, one-third of property and resources and channels for one day of shepherding from the field. In fact, it can be said that women have endowed their property according to their social class. Regarding the intentions and motivation of the women of knowledge and the function of their endowments, it can be said that religious intentions were at the top of the goals of women of knowledge. In addition to religious intentions, women waqifs have also considered social and non-profit goals such as building a bath and hospital and personal goals such as benefiting their relatives and some of their endowments are for personal expenses including prayers, lighting and repairing the tomb of the waqif and their children. His relatives were done