تأثیر رویکرد ساختارگرایی بر تاریخ‌نگاری انجمن تاریخ افغانستان (1321-1357/ 1942-1978)

Abstract
The structuralism approach gained acceptance as an intellectual-philosophical method after World War II and influenced many scientific fields. This thought entered the realm of history science by the historians of the Anal school and reached its peak in the second generation of Anal, structuralist historiography. The golden age of structuralism is the 60s and 70s of the 20^th century, and one of its examples is the works of Fernando Braudel. This article, with analytical-descriptive method and based on data extracted from Ariana magazine (the most important publication of the Kabul History Association) and the most important historical works of prominent figures of this association, tries to explain the influence of structuralist thought in the historiography of the said association which was active between 1321- 1357 Sh. and left a wide legacy with this approach. The findings of the research show that the structures of nationalism with the components of archaism, race, language and geography have had an impact on their historiography. This influence, along with creating opportunities such as analytical history, paying attention to historical geography, giving importance to cultural elements such as linguistics, ancient works, customs, legends and stories; It also created extensive challenges in the history writing tradition of Afghanistan. The diverse and contradictory presuppositions of the mentioned association in the historiography of Afghanistan created a deep transformation in the historiography tradition of this country. The aforementioned association tried to explain the historical past of this country with the presuppositions governing contemporary Afghanistan as an independent political unit with its current borders; Therefore, the mental presuppositions of the historians of the History Association have imposed themselves on the historical facts of the past.
Keywords: Modern Historiography, Structuralism, Kabul History Association, Afghan Historiography.
 
Introduction
The Kabul History Association is famous in the scientific communities of the region and the world due to its extensive services in the field of compiling and publishing the history and culture of Afghanistan, and it is considered one of the most important scientific-research institutions in Afghanistan at one point in time. This association was established in 1310 Sh. under the Ministry of Information and Culture under the name “Kabul Literary Association”. For the first time, Mohammad Anwar Basmal was the head of the said association. Then, a magazine called “Kabul” was established as the press organ of this association, which was published under the management of Sarver Goya and with historical and cultural content. Sarwar Goya, Ahmad Ali Kohzad, Abdullah Afghan, Abdul Hai Habibi, Abd al-Rahman Pajhwak, Khalilullah Khalili, Ghulam Mohammad Ghubar and others (Naqavi, 1349, 85-87: 81) were among the first members of this association.
Compilation and publication of historical topics related to Afghanistan, neighboring countries and the world was one of the most important missions of Anjuman Tarikh, which was published in Kabul magazine in Dari and Pashto languages. With the encouragement and guidance of this association, the French Archeology Board conducted ancient discoveries in different regions of Afghanistan and published its discovery report in Italian and English languages. Since one of the goals of the association was to translate and print historical works from English and French languages, new methods of historiography were promoted by the mentioned association in Afghanistan. In 1316, the Pashto Academy (Pashtutolaneh) was established and the mentioned association was attached to it. Then, in 1321, the “Afghanistan History Association” was separated from the body of the Pashto Academy as an independent organization and continued its scientific activity for four decades until 1357 Sh.The present study aims to critically examine the impact of the structuralism approach in the historiography of the members of the said association and explain the most important structures that governs their thought. Therefore, the main questions of this article are: 1. How has been the impact of the structuralism approach on the historiography of the Kabul History Association? 2. What were the structures and discourses governing the historiography of members of the Kabul History Association? With regard to what was said, this article will examine and explain the research subject with descriptive-analytical method and using the structuralism approach as a theoretical framework.
 
Materials & Method
This article is written in a descriptive-analytical way using the general library/documentary method and using the sources of the historiography category of the Afghan History Association; However, the structuralism approach has been used as the theoretical framework of the research.
 
Discussion & Result
The emergence of the Afghan History Association in the second decade of the 13^th century is considered as a turning point in the historiography of this country. The formation of the aforementioned association opened a new chapter in the modern historiography of Afghanistan; hence it was accompanied by various reactions. Compiling a complete course of Afghan history and publishing historical magazines of Kabul and Ariana during four decades are among the most important achievements of this association. The rewriting of some historical references and the invitation of archeology experts from western countries to excavate and reread inscriptions, old stone inscriptions are other achievements of the said association. The collective movement to reread history and write numerous historical works in the fields of culture, language, economy, art, inferior groups with modern approaches of historiography is considered one of the other features of their historiography.
The record of the Afghan History Association with all its positive achievements and emphasizing that it left us a large and extensive volume of historical and literary works; It also faces serious criticism; Because their historiography confused the historiography tradition of this country. Deviation from the principles of historiography and imposing mental assumptions in the process of history is one of the challenges of their historiography. The impact of modern historiographical approaches, including structuralism, on the record of the Afghan History Association can be clearly seen. Often, the members of the mentioned association have not been able to save their history writing process from the domination of the discourse of Afghan nationalism and its components; Rather, they sought to reread the history of Afghanistan in line with the ruling structures and ideology. The most important point in structuralist historiography is that the ruling structures in one period of time should not be imposed on another era and time; Rather, each period can be understood and analyzed with its own structural characteristics.
 
Conclusions & Findings
The following findings and conclusions can be obtained from the above: The historiography of the Afghan History Association is structural and ideological; Because they looked at the golden age of ancient history with the glasses of contemporary Afghanistan; In other words, they wanted to link the Afghanistan of the Saduzai and Muhammadzai era with the Afghanistan of the Samanids and Ghaznavids. This homogenization hides the facts in history. The most important ruling structures in the historiographical thinking of the Kabul History Association is nationalism, which is manifested with elements of archaism, race, and geographical and cultural structures combined with the attitude of the superiority of a particular culture, including in the field of language. Despite many contradictions, their historiography is dynamic and lively. Part of this vitality is due to the analytical approach and the wide presence of cultural and social elements in their historical works, and another part is due to the use of simplification and variety of sources. The works produced by the aforementioned association in fact have reproduced the history of Afghanistan by using references such as linguistics, geographical phenomena, numismatics, archeology and cultural studies. The last point is that the place of historical rationality in the historiography of the Kabul Association is extremely empty; Especially the historical wisdom that was developed in the tradition of Islamic historiography with Masoudi and Bayhaqi and was connected to it with the works of Allameh Faiz Mohammad Kateb, although they have made extensive use of the historical sources of the works of Beyhaqi, Masoudi, Abu Reyhan Biruni and Faiz Mohammad Kateb.