Mutahir ibn Tahir al-Maqdisi (d. 355 AH/966 CE) is one of the few historians who systematically used astronomical data in his work, Al-Faqeeq wa al-Tarikh. This study, using a descriptive-analytical and comparative method, examines the role of astronomy in al-Maqdisi’s historiography and shows how his belief in this knowledge, as a branch of intellectual sciences, is reflected in the structure and meaning of history. The findings show that al-Maqdisi used astronomy in three intertwined frameworks: philosophical cosmology with a scientific-lexical approach; an epistemological framework in which astronomy is considered a tool for explaining the divine order and finality of existence; and a mythological cosmology that, in line with the tradition of Islamic historiography, organizes the narrative of history from creation to the author’s time and shapes his cosmological and instructive perspective. In Maqdisi's thought, astronomy is not merely knowledge about the heavens, but also transforms the semantic horizon of history. By combining science, philosophy, and mythology, and relying on his own experience in observation and calculation, he transforms calendar time into a final historical time. From this perspective, the epistemological and theological aspects of astronomy dominate his thought; an aspect that, by establishing a meaningful connection between the cosmic order and the course of human history, reveals Maqdisi's position as a historian with a new and distinctive approach in Islamic historiography.