نوع مقاله : علمی-پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 ارومیه
2 پژوهشگاه علوم انسانی و مطالعات فرهنگی
چکیده
کلیدواژهها
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Abstract
The Mongol invasions and conquests significantly influenced the political and military landscape of the world at that time, prompting reactions from various regions. Initially, these invasions affected parts of the Islamic East, causing the Islamic world, a fierce rival of the West, to suffer severe blows from this Eastern power. This initially brought satisfaction to the Westerners. In fact, early on, under the influence of encouraging reports, stories, and myths (such as those about Prester John) transmitted by Nestorian Christians to Europe, the Westerners believed the Mongols to be the saviors of Christendom, who had come to avenge the followers of Christ against the Muslims by invading Islamic lands. However, over time, Europe itself became embroiled in the Mongol invasions and their consequences. Given these circumstances, the European stance toward the Mongol invasions and conquests was shaped by a mixture of hope and fear. On the one hand, they were concerned that the Mongol invasions might extend further into Europe, which would have led to immense l
This study aims to examine the diverse and varied approaches of contemporary Europeans toward the Mongol invasions and conquests. Furthermore, it will attempt to address the central question of why Europeans adopted different approaches to the Mongol invasions and under what conditions these varying responses emerged. The findings of the research suggest that, based on the course of events, Europeans responded and positioned themselves toward the Mongols at three different levels, depending on the circumstances.
کلیدواژهها [English]
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