Historical Studies

Historical Studies

Comperative Study of Timurid and Turkmen mosques architecture based on the physical components

Document Type : ..

Authors
Aref Azizpour Shoubi 1
Ahad Nejadebrahimi 2
1 PhD student, , Tabriz Islamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran
2 Professor, Department of Architecture and Urbanism, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Tabriz Islamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran
10.30465/hcs.2023.44006.2739
Abstract
The Turkman period is one of the important periods in architectural studies of the Iranian Period. Locating in the border areas between the countries and remaining few buildings due to earthquake caused the research in the architecture of this period encountered to challenges. These challenges led to the Turkman buildings being studied under Timurid architecture in Iran and under Ottoman architecture in Turkey. Consequently, the architecture of the Turkoman period was little known. Mosques are important architectural types representing part of this period's architectural features. Examination of historic documents, research, and the discovery of the base of Hassan Padshah (King Hassan) Mosque in recent archeological excavations make it possible to re-study the mosques of this historical period to determine the architectural features of Turkman mosques in comparison with Timurid mosques. The current research aims to compare the mosques of the Timurid and Turkman periods to determine the architectural differences and commonalities of the mosques of these two periods, which had cultural and political relations with each other in a historical period, to gain a better understanding of the architecture of this period. The results of this comparative study show: the cultural transfers between the Timurids and the Turkmens caused the architectural style of the mosques of these two dynasties to be mutually discussed, which led to the formation of commonalities in architecture. These cultural traditions did not cause the lack of independence of art and architecture of any of the dynasties.
Keywords
Timurid Mosque Architecture
Turkman Mosque Architecture
Mosque-Mausoleum
Blue Mosque in Tabriz
King Hassan Mosque in Tabriz
Ansari, M. and A. Nejad Ebrahimi (2010), “Geometry and Proportions in The Architecture of The Turkoman Period of The Blue Mosque (Firoze Jahan Islam)” [in Persian], The Book of the Month of Science and Technology, 27-40.
Aube Lorain, S. (2008), “La Mosquée bleue de Tabriz (1465): Remarques sur la Céramique Architecturale Qarâ Qoyunlu”, Studia Iranica, vol. 37, no. 2, 241-277.
Aube, S. (2016), “The Uzun Hasan Mosque in Tabriz: New Perspectives on a Tabrizi Ceramic Tile Workshop”, Muqarnas Online 33, no. 1, Available at: <doi:10.1163/22118993_ 03301P004>.
Azhand, Y. (2018), “Tabriz Style of Turkman Painting School under Sultan Yaqub Aq Quyunlu [in Persian]”, Honar-Ha-Ye-Ziba: Honar-Ha-Ye-Tajassomi, vol. 23, no. 4, 29-40, Available at: <doi: 10.22059/jfava.2018.68758>.
Bonner, J. (2021), Islamic Geometric Patterns (in Farsi), Ahad Nejad Ebrahimi and Aref Azizpour Shoubi (trans.), Tabriz: Islamic Art University.
Dehghani Tafti, M., Z. Modarres-zadeh, and G. Me‘marian (2022), “The Origin of the Architectural Model of the Blue Mosque in Tabriz” [in Persian], Journal of Iranian Architecture Studies, vol. 10, no. 19, 5-23, Available at: <doi: 10.22052/jias.2022.111862>.
Doğan, B. and A. Doğanay (2017), “Akkoyunlu ve Karakoyunlu Devletlerinde Mimarî ve Sanat Üslûbu Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme”, İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştirmalari Depgisi, vol. 6, no. 1, 652-682.
Etemad al-Saltaneh, M. (1999), Marah Al-Badaan, vol. 4 [in Persian], Abdul Hossein Navaei and Mirhashem Mohaddeth (eds.), Tehran: University of Tehran.
Farrokhyar, H. (1990), A Look at the Historical Monuments of Kashan [in Persian], Kashan: Kashan Cultural Heritage Department.
Gharibpour, A. (2013), “Terminology of Architectural Function”, Honar-Ha-ye-Ziba: Memary va Shahrsazi [in Persian], vol. 18, no. 1, 57-68, Available at: <doi: 10.22059/jfaup.2013.36357>.
Haji Ghasemi, K. (2013 A), Treasure Book; The Eighth Book: Jameh Mosques (second part) [in Persian], Tehran: Shahid Beheshti University Press.
Haji Ghasemi, K. (2013 B), Treasure Book; Culture of Islamic Works of Iran; The Sixth Volume: Mosques [in Persian], Tehran: Shahid Beheshti University.
Hanachi, P. and A. Nejad Ebrahimi (2006), “Reinterpretation of Sahib Abad Square based on the Images of Chardin and Mutaraqchi Based on Historical Texts (from its Formation to the Safavid Period)” [in Persian], Honar-ha-ye Ziba, vol. 25, no. 25.
Hillenbrand, R. (2011), Islamic Architecture; Form, Function and Meaning [in Persian], Translation: Baqer Ayeollah Zadeh Shirazi, Tehran: Rozeneh Publications.
Hojjat, E. and M. Maleki (2012), “Convergence of Three Fundamental Geometric Types and Genesis of the Persian Mosque’s Geometry” [in Persian], Honar-Ha-ye-Ziba: Memary va Shahrsazi, vol. 17, no. 4, 1-14, Available at: <doi: 10.22059/jfaup.2012.36361>.
Hojjat, I., S. Golestani, and M. Saedvandi (2015), “The Addition of Dome Chamber To Iranian Mosques, The Story of Joining And Separating of Space” [in Persian], Honar-Ha-ye-Ziba: Memary Va Shahrsazi, vol. 20, no. 3, 21-30, Available at: <doi: 10.22059/jfaup.2015.56875>.
Kabirsaber, M. B. and M. Peyrovi (2015), “'Form Evolutions in Architecture of Tabriz Blue Mosque Based on Structural Analysis of Historical Eras” [in Persian], Honar-Ha-ye-Ziba: Memary va Shahrsazi, vol. 20, no. 2, 59-72, Available at: <doi: 10.22059/jfaup.2015.56718>.
Karang, A. A. (1375), Antiquities of Azerbaijan [in Persian], Tehran: Association of Cultural Artifacts and Honors and Rasti Nu Publications.
Keskin, M. Ç. (2012), “Timurid Tile Style in Anatolia and Footprints of Masters of Tabriz”, 1st International Conference on Architecture and Urban Design, Proceedings 19-21, Epoka University.
Keskin, Mustafa Çağhan (2013), “Siyasi-Kültürel İlişkiler Çer­çevesinde Tebrizli Çini Ustalarının Anadolu Yolculuğu (1419-1433)”, Belleten, vol. 77, no. 279, 445-466, Available at: ˂https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2013.445˃.
Labbaf Khaniki, R. and F. Saber Moghaddam (2006), Mosques in Khorasan (Razavi, North, South): from the Beginning to Contemporary Times [in Persian], Tehran: Organization of Cultural Heritage, Crafts and Tourism.
Memarian, Q. (2005), Style Recognation [in Persian], Tehran: Soroush.
Memarian, Q. (2019), Iranian Architecture; Dastgah-Shenasi [in Persian], Tehran: Goljam.
Mirsajadi, A. and H. Farkisch (2017), “Recognition of Typology and Effective Physical Factors in Traditional Residential Tissue of Neyshabur” [in Persian], Jria, vol. 4, no. 4, 72-90.
Mirzaei, N. and S. Khaqani (2015), “Historical Investigate of Shah Mosque in Mashhad”, Journal of Great Khorasan, vol. 5, no. 20, 56-43.
Mutadyen, H. (2000), “Four-evan Mosques” [in Persian], Honar-ha-ye Ziba, vol. 6, 84-89.
Navai, K. and K. Haji Qassemi (2011), Khesht-o Khial; An Interpretation of Iranian Islamic Architecture [in Persian], Tehran: Soroush.
Necipoğlu, G. and M. Al-Asad (1995), The Topkapı Scroll: Geometry and Ornament in Islamic Architecture: Topkapı Palace Museum Library MSNo Title [in Persian], Los_Angeles: Getty Center for the History of Art and the Humanities, Available at: <doi:9780892363353>.
Noghrehkar, S. et al. (2018), “Reading Iranian Architecture: In Search of a Comprehensive Model for Understanding the History of Iranian Architecture”, CIAUJ, vol. 4, no. 1, 69-83, Available at: <http://dx.doi.org/10.29252/ciauj.4.1.69>.
Ökten, E. (2014), “Imperial Aqquyunlu Construction of Religious Establishments in The Late Fifteenth Century Tabriz”, in Politics, Patronage, and the Transmission of Knowledge in 13th-15th Century Tabriz, Iran Studies, vol. 8, Available at: <doi:10.1163/9789004262577_015>.
Omrani, B. and M. Aminian (2007), “Speculation of Sahib Abad Square and Hasan Padesh collection” [in Persian], Scientific-Research Journal of Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, University of Isfahan, second vol., no. 50, 91-118.
Pirnia, M. (2013), Acquaintance with the Islamic Architecture of Iran [in Persian], Tehran: Soroush Danesh.
Pope, A. and Ph. Ackerman (1999), An Overview of Iranian Art, from Prehistoric Times to Today; The Third Volume: Architecture of the Islamic Era [in Persian], Cyrus Parham (ed.), Tehran: Scientific and Cultural Publications.
Ranjbar Kermani, A. and A. Maleki (2017), “Review of the Central Space Model in the Iranian Cultural Region” [in Persian], Journal of Iranian Architecture Studies, vol. 6, no. 11, 22-41.
Sabouri, N. and M. Golchin Arefi (2017), Architecture of the Time of the Turkomans of Qaraq Inlu and Raghav Inlu [in Persian], Collection of Art in Islamic Civilization (Architecture 2), Mehrdad Qayyomi Bidhandi (ed.), Tehran: Samt.
Sarabi, M., L. Balilan, and B. Ajorloo (2020), “Architectural Recreation of Hassan Padishah Mosque in Tabriz” [in Persian], Honar-Ha-ye-Ziba: Memary Va Shahrsazi, vol. 25, no. 1, 91-104, Available at: <doi: 10.22059/jfaup.2021.306359.672493>.
Shaistfar, M. and F. Khamsa (2013), “Firouzeh, the Gem of the Mosques (with a Look at the Goharshad Mosques of Mashhad and the Kabud Mosques of Tabriz in the 9th Century AH/15th AD” [in Persian], Jelveh Honar, no. 10, 19-32.
Toomajnia, J. (2017), “Türkmen Ekolü ve Herat Ekolünün Biçimsel Karşilaştirma; Comarative Study of Turkmen School and Herat School in External Appearance”, Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, The Journal of International Social Research, vol. 10, no. 51, Available at: ˂http://dx.doi.org/10.17719/jisr.2017.1777˃.
Wilber, D. and L. Golembek (1995), Timurid architecture in Iran and Turan [in Persian], Translator: Karamat Elah Afsar and Mohammad Yusuf Kiani, Tehran: Iran's Cultural Heritage Organization.
Wilson, P. (2000), History of Iran; Timurian Period [in Persian], Research from Cambridge University, Yaqub Azhend (trans.), Tehran: Diba.
Zaka, Y. (1989), Cities of Iran [in Persian], C3. Written by Mohammad Youssef Kayani, Tehran: Islamic Culture and Irshad Printing House in Collaboration with Jihad Academic Publishing House.
Zaka, Y. (2000), Architect and Master of Islamic Period [in Persian], C3. Written by Mohammad Youssef Kayani, Tehran: Samt.
 
Historical Studies
Volume 14, Issue 1 - Serial Number 27
Spring and Summer 2023-2024
May 2023
Pages 201-227

  • Receive Date 27 December 2022
  • Revise Date 03 February 2023
  • Accept Date 10 April 2023