Historical Studies

Historical Studies

The Economic Consequences of Carpet Weaving on Livelihood and Foreign Trade in the South Caucasus during the Late Tsarist Russia Period

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors
Hasan Abdi 1
Jafar Aghazadeh 2
1 PhD student of Contemporary History of the Islamic World, Higher Education Institute of Olum and Maaref, Al-Mustafa International University, Qom, Iran
2 Professor, Department of History and Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
10.30465/hcs.2025.53091.3070
Abstract
Abstract
Carpet weaving in the South Caucasus during the late Tsarist Russian period expanded under the influence of several factors, including geographical and cultural diversity, access to inexpensive and high-quality raw materials, government support, and the development of the railway network. This industry was not only intertwined with the traditions and social fabric of the region but also, due to strong demand from Western countries for its high-quality, diverse, and affordable carpets, played a decisive role in both household economies and foreign trade. The aim of this study is to examine the economic consequences of carpet weaving for livelihoods and exports in the South Caucasus. The research is based on a qualitative, descriptive–analytical method, utilizing historical data and content analysis of archival documents and reports. The main hypothesis suggests that carpet weaving, as a sustainable economic shield, made a substantial contribution to covering household expenses and overcoming economic crises. The findings indicate that carpet weaving in the eastern part of the South Caucasus was capable of covering between 30 and 100 percent of household living costs, thereby diversifying income sources and reducing economic vulnerability. Furthermore, the strategic position of this industry in foreign trade turned it into one of the key components of the regional economy—second only to oil.
Keywords: South Caucasus, carpet weaving, Tsarist Russia, household economy, foreign trade.
Introduction
Carpet weaving in the South Caucasus represented more than an aesthetic craft; it embodied a complex intersection of art, economy, and culture. Rooted in Iranian artistic traditions yet shaped by local diversity, carpets from this region symbolized continuity across historical and civilizational borders. During the late nineteenth century, the convergence of natural resources, skilled female labor, and growing global demand created a fertile environment for the expansion of this industry.Despite extensive art-historical studies on Caucasian carpets, the economic implications of the craft have remained underexplored. This research aims to fill that gap by focusing on the role of carpet weaving in household livelihoods and the region’s export economy during the final decades of Tsarist rule. The central hypothesis posits that the expansion of carpet weaving provided a sustainable economic buffer that helped families endure fiscal pressures caused by land reforms, taxation, and capitalist integration of the rural economy.
Materials & Methods
This study employs a qualitative, descriptive-analytical approach grounded in historical economic data and archival materials. Primary sources include Russian administrative records, reports of the Caucasus Handicraft Committee (Piralov, 1913), travelogues, and trade statistics from 1860–1914. Supplementary data were drawn from comparative analyses in works such as Dingelstedt (1892), Kara Murza (1902), and Bobynin & Piralov (1925)
Data interpretation followed a two-level framework:
- Microeconomic analysis of household production and income structure among rural and semi-nomadic families;
- Macroeconomic assessment of export volumes, market integration, and the position of the carpet trade within the Tsarist Empire’s southern economy.
Economic values (rubles) were standardized to 24-karat gold equivalents and compared to contemporary prices for alternative occupations such as shoemaking, textile work, and agriculture to evaluate relative profitability.
Discussion and Results
- Household Economy and Gendered Labor
Archival records indicate that in most rural households, 2–4 members participated in the carpet production process. Women and girls aged 10–45 formed the backbone of the workforce, contributing both to material preparation (washing, spinning, dyeing wool) and weaving. In some districts, up to 40% of rural women were engaged in carpet making.
The average family of eight required 150–180 rubles annually to sustain basic living costs. A standard six-square-meter carpet with 25–35 knots per seven centimeters cost roughly 42 rubles to produce and sold for around 55 rubles, yielding a net profit of about 13 rubles per unit. Families capable of producing 5–7 carpets annually could thus earn between 275 and 385 rubles—often exceeding the average income of skilled urban artisans. Carpets therefore played a decisive role in mitigating poverty and diversifying income sources in rural areas.
- Workshop and Contract Systems
By the early twentieth century, carpet production evolved beyond household workshops. Weavers frequently worked under contract for urban merchants who supplied raw materials and paid fixed wages—approximately 12 rubles per completed carpet. Skilled women employed in urban workshops earned an annual income of around 50–60 rubles, while home-based family production remained more profitable due to the absence of intermediaries. The state’s limited labor regulations for women encouraged such home-based enterprises as a form of informal yet socially accepted female employment.
- Comparative Economic Position
When compared with other trades, carpet weaving was economically competitive: shoemakers earned about 280 rubles per year, while oil-field laborers averaged only 25 kopecks daily. These comparisons affirm the hypothesis that carpet weaving functioned as a viable and sometimes superior income source, especially in villages with restricted agricultural potential.
- Expansion of Foreign Trade
Carpets from Quba, Ganja, Shusha, and Shirvan gained international recognition by the 1890s. Facilitated by the Transcaucasian Railway, exports expanded rapidly to Istanbul, London, and New York. The annual export value from the South Caucasus rose from one million rubles in 1889 to over five million rubles by 1913—ranking second only to oil exports (Prothero, 1920). Approximately 200,000 carpets were shipped yearly from Batumi to European ports.
Simultaneously, demand for raw wool surged. The region exported over 4,000 tons of high-grade wool annually before World War I, equivalent to 3.4% of global output. This symbiosis between pastoralism and weaving created a vertically integrated rural economy that linked remote villages to global markets.
- Social and Structural Implications
Beyond economics, carpet weaving redefined gender relations and family labor organization. Women acquired partial financial independence and decision-making roles in household budgets. Yet, the benefits were unevenly distributed: most export profits accrued to urban traders and foreign buyers, while rural producers received marginal returns. The dependency on external demand also exposed the regional economy to international market fluctuations.
Conclusion
Carpet weaving in the South Caucasus under late Tsarist Russia served as both a microeconomic stabilizer and a macroeconomic export driver. It provided sustainable household income during periods of agrarian distress, strengthened the economic role of women, and integrated the region into global trade networks. However, structural inequalities persisted, as local producers remained vulnerable to intermediaries and shifting foreign markets. The study highlights how traditional crafts, when supported by infrastructure and demand, can evolve into strategic industries with transnational economic impact. The South Caucasian carpet thus stands not merely as a cultural artifact but as a symbol of adaptation—linking local resilience with imperial and global economies on the eve of modernity.
Keywords
South Caucasus
carpet weaving
Tsarist Russia
household economy
foreign trade
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Historical Studies
Volume 17, Issue 2 - Serial Number 34
Autumn and Winter 2026-2027
October 2026
Pages 229-259

  • Receive Date 11 October 2025
  • Revise Date 23 October 2025
  • Accept Date 02 November 2025