Critique of Umayyad Politics in Kharijite Poetry(A Case Study of Sufri Literature)

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Authors

1 Faculty Member, Department of Arabic Language and Literature, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran

2 Master's Student, Department of Arabic Language and Literature, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran.

10.30465/hcs.2025.49876.2977

Abstract

The poetry of the Khawarij serves as a valuable source for examining the political history of early Islam, analyzing the perspectives of opponents of the Umayyad rule, and understanding their role in shaping the protest discourse of that era. The Khawarij, particularly the Safriyyah sect, were among the groups that opposed the Umayyad government and reflected their objections through poetry. These poems not only expressed the religious and political beliefs of the Khawarij, but also served as a tool to delegitimize Umayyad policies. A historical analysis of these poems provides a deeper understanding of the political and social conditions of the time and sheds light on how opposition and protests against Umayyad rule took shape. Additionally, these poems function as historical documents, reflecting the intellectual and ideological strategies of the Khawarij in confronting the ruling system. This research adopts a historical analysis approach to study and examine the content of Safriyyah poetry. Through collection and review of key poetic examples from this group, the study explores the political critique of the Khawarij and how their opposition was represented through poetry. Findings indicate that Safriyyah poetry, relying on religious, historical, and social concepts, played a crucial role in shaping the protest discourse against the Umayyads and significantly contributed to mobilizing opposition forces. The study highlights how the poetry of the Khawarij, as an essential historical source, not only reflects the political transformations of its time but also helped shape the political and religious identity of this group.

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