A Survey of Economic Problems of Sīstān and Baluchistān During Qājār Period
Mirhvās
Ahmadzādeh
Ph.d in history, Tarbiat Modares University
author
text
article
2011
per
This article aims to give an explanation of Sīstān’s historical developments during the Qajar period. Sīstān as an integral part of Iran’s geographic identity as well as its history and culture has ever been regarded as an important province whose developments were not out of consequence for other part of the country. Moreover, it seems the province experienced very consequential developments during 19th/13th century which affect the future of its life. In this article, a special attention paid to the problems of local economy of Sīstān during Qājār period. It attempts to provide the interested reader an explanation of this province’s local economic developments within a theoretical framework. The base of this theoretical framework is the theory of Asiatic Mode of Production. According to this theory, the pivotal cause of societies’ development or uneven development is the political and social forms of relation. The present article assumes the climatic changes and geographic situations central to the economic developments of Sīstān during the period in question. As it maintains, the geographic factor, while being out of human’s control, played a crucial role in Sīstān’s economic and cultural maldevelopment. But, at the same time it doesn’t exonerate political authorities of their contribution to this situation. So, the article has a special attention to the role of governmental policies and statesmen’s malfunctions in the lag of development in Sīstān.
Historical Studies
IHCS
2251-7766
2
v.
1
no.
2011
1
13
https://historicalstudy.ihcs.ac.ir/article_167_f2c4aacdbcb6353d76d222cfad7cb024.pdf
An Analytic Survey of the Socio-Political Structure of Power within a Tribal Formation: the Case of Bakhtiaris
(From Qajar Period to the Islamic Revolution)
Feraidoun
Allahyari
Associate Professor of History, University of Isfahan
author
Asqar
feroqi abari
Assistance Professor of History, University of Isfahan
author
Ezatollah
Abdolahi Nouruzi
Ph.D Student of History, University of Isfahan
author
text
article
2011
per
Bakhtiari clan is one of the important and powerful tribes of South-western Iran during its history experienced several vicissitudes. It also has played a really effective role in political developments of modern Iran. The socio-political structure of Bakhtiari’s tribal power has been subjected to a special pattern which experienced certain changes during its history. Despite the other tribes, power structure of Bakhtiaris constituted of a hierarchical structure including different levels and ranks. At the other hand, the kinship structure of Bakhtiari clan, which included the smallest unity i.e. family (Behan: black tent) to the largest one, i.e. the ling (branch) seems to be the main cause of its centrifugal nature. In conditions which these semi-independent parts combined and integrated into a united structure, formation of a tribal confederation or union was the result. In former times, the Khan’s social statute was at the highest level of tribal authority and magistrates, headmen, and deans stand next to them respectively. But the gradual rise of the modern state, consolidation of its central power and the expansion of military forces resulted in a dwindling of Khan’s power. This, in turn caused the political structure of Bakhtiaries, especially the status of the Khan, to encounter with some essential changes; in next periods there was no more the traditional status of khan at the top of this tribal structure. How we can describe the socio-political structure of power in Bakhtiari society and its constitutive nature, what were the main changes it endured during recent centuries and what were the causes behind these changes are questions which this study aims to answer. To attain this purpose it tries to develop a research within an analytical/descriptive method. Its main source is a volume of data gleaned from library references which are organized, evaluated, and analyzed to attain the purpose.
Historical Studies
IHCS
2251-7766
2
v.
1
no.
2011
15
50
https://historicalstudy.ihcs.ac.ir/article_168_ef146a19011645adbfbc665a45ed8b02.pdf
Sanī’ al-dawlah’s Role in the Renovation of Industry and Establishment of Parliamentary System:
A Critical Reevaluation
Ali Akbar
Tashakkorī
Assistant Professor of History, University of Yazd
author
Ali Asghar
Chāhiān
MA in History, aliasghar
author
text
article
2011
per
Nāser ad-Dīn shah’s rule in Iran (1264-1313/1848-1899), as the longest period of sultanate during Qājār era (1797-1925), witnessed an unprecedented expansion of relations with Europe. Due to this development, a considerable volume of modern thoughts and technologies introduced the country. It was not the mere result however, and certain economic and political challenges emerged too. Beside the efforts made by some independent intellectuals to introduce certain reforms to the political structure, there were also a group of traditional politicians who felt the necessity of reform as well. This group of reformists maintained a rather conservative approach to political reform. Murtezā Qulī Khān Sanī’ al-dawlah was a paramount figure in this group whose approach to political reform is a case of special importance and worth of an adequate study. The present study concentrated on this figure and his role in establishing the parliamentary system in Iran as well as his contribution to the introduction of modern industry to the country. It claims a special importance for the social background of Hedāyat family to which Sanī’ al-Dawlah belonged and his graduate studies in Germany. According to author, this social and educational background prepared Sanī’ al-Dawlah with an emphatic concern for introduction of western technology to Naserid Iran. However, Sanī’ al-Dawlah career was not limited to this. He also played an effective role in constitutional revolution and cooperated actively to establish parliamentary system in Iran.
Historical Studies
IHCS
2251-7766
2
v.
1
no.
2011
51
75
https://historicalstudy.ihcs.ac.ir/article_169_0c2c2eff5d3321f3c44dc0ea0a120d8d.pdf
Hamīd ad-Dīn Kirmānī and his Role in Management of Fatimid Crisis
Fateme
Janahmadi
Associate of Professor of History, Alzahra University
author
text
article
2011
per
During the rule of Fatimid caliph al-Hakim (311-386 A.H.), certain social and cultural crises challenged the Fatimid dynasty. It seems this critical situation has been the main cause of the Hamīd ad-Dīn Kirmānī’s presence in Fatimid Cairo. Kirmānī was a prominent Persian figure in Isma’īlīte ideological hierarchy and was nominated as the Hujjah, a high ranked position in this hierarchy. His active presence in al-Hakim’s court as the representative of Persian school contributed effectively to defense of Isma’īlīte ideology. Growth of extremist trends and Abbāsīd propaganda were the most important threats. This survey has paid attention to this critical situation of Fatimid history and Kirmānī’s role in managing it. The main questions of it are: What was/were the cause/causes of the internal crises which during this period entangled Fatimid state and Hamid ad-Din’s presence in Cairo seemed to be was an answer to them? What were Kirmānī’s devises to control these crises and what characteristics merited him, among numerous Isma’īlīte Dā’īs, to be elected for this mission? To answer these questions, there are two hypotheses. First, it seems the main causes of critical situation of Kirmānī’s period have been an internal challenge of Isma’ilite doctrine as well as the appearance of some extremist trends. To answer the second question it seems Kirmānī who had developed a kind of synthetic ontology, succeeded to manage this critical situation in three phases: recognizing the crisis, rethinking of the theoretical bases of Isma’ilite doctrine with the purpose of finding functional devises to control the crisis, and finally, providing a theoretical framework for Isma’ilite Imamate to strengthen the doctrine. To answer the third question, the brilliant background of Kirmānī and his active presence in the theoretical dialogues of Isma’ilies with theologians who represented the other sects has been surveyed. The results of this research show that, Kirmānī‘s presence in Fatimid Cairo and his activities were crucial for managing this critical point of Isma’īlīte history. Not only had he played a really efficient role to save Fatimid dynasty from its sooner collapse, but also he was successful to propose a masterfully manipulated theory of Imamate for Isma’īlīte sect. Based on an analytic-descriptive methodology, this study has tried to use textual data gleaned mostly from Isma’īlīte written material in history and theology to attain its goals.
Historical Studies
IHCS
2251-7766
2
v.
1
no.
2011
77
98
https://historicalstudy.ihcs.ac.ir/article_170_dc42ebd1545fea2bb6e6ae8d32a94900.pdf
Devises of Zoroastrian Priests to Prevent Zoroastrians’ Conversion to Islam
Ruzbeh
Zarrinkoob
Assistant Professor, University of Tehran
author
Ali
Yazdani Rad
Ph.D Student, University of Tehran
author
text
article
2011
per
This study aims to explain how Zoroastrian Priesthood, encountering with the critical situation of post-Arab conquest era, devised ways to guarantee the survival of its community and prevent conversion. It relied mainly upon the historical documents and textual material- especially Zoroastrian texts. These texts largely have a religious nature and, have been generally produced during the 3th/9th and 4th/10th Centuries. These are solutions which based mainly on the old traditions and could be classified under four categories: a) those which addressed economic pressure and punishments, b) devises for economic encouragements, c) those of self isolation, and d) those which enjoy an apocalyptic nature, including salvation literature. But, these devises, whatever their importance, apparently were not effective enough to prevent the increasing process of Zoroastrians’ conversion to Islam. They even in some occasions resulted reversely and caused more pressure on Zoroastrians (especially when Islam’s superiority in Iran was completed and Zoroastrians changed into a vulnerable minority). Therefore, it increased the rate of conversion of Zoroastrians to Islam. Among these solutions, just apocalyptic and salvation literature- that seems to be a result of hard conditions which Zoroastrians endured as a minority in Islamic society- were useful enough to keep the rest of Zoroastrians hopeful, and encouraged them to hold their Zoroastrian religion.
Historical Studies
IHCS
2251-7766
2
v.
1
no.
2011
99
126
https://historicalstudy.ihcs.ac.ir/article_171_525d13511b4382fd2c84ae6d247542ff.pdf
The Invisible Spirit of Persian Poetry:
The Impact of Socio-Political Factors in Pahlavīd Era on the Rise and Fall of Persian Romanticism
Hasan
Zandieh
Assistant Professor of History, University of Tehran
author
Mohsen
Ismā’ili
Ph.D Student of Persian Language and literature, Payām-e Noor University of Tehran
author
text
article
2011
per
Although, a group of scholars decline to presume any specific relationship between literature, its aesthetic principles and social issues, and it is evident that a great deal of literary works have almost no relationship with social matters, still one of the main concerns of literary critics and social scientists is the relationship between literature and its aesthetic values with the social phenomena. Literature uses language as a means of expression and as Aristotle puts it, literature is a way to bring life on stage; so, it might be considered as a social reality and, actually it could be understood as a social institution; an institution with its own raison d’être and intended goals. Among the new literary schools, we might recognize a multidimensional bond between the appearance of Romanticism and political, social and historical developments of 18th and the early 19th centuries’ Europe. This school also, as many other modern ones, absorbed large groups of interested throughout the world. In Iran, especially during Pahlavīd period, it proved to be a strong trend in literary circles and particularly during 1320s and 1330s changed into the dominant intellectual trend. Finally, it seems the late 1330s and the early 1340s witnessed the beginning of Persian romanticism’s sunset. Admitting the interactional effects of literature and society, the present study concerned mainly with the developments of Iranian romanticism and attempts to give an explanation of the socio-political milieu of Pahlavīd era (during the last years of 1330’s) and its effect on the growth of romantic tendencies in modern Persian poetry.
Historical Studies
IHCS
2251-7766
2
v.
1
no.
2011
127
155
https://historicalstudy.ihcs.ac.ir/article_172_a3aec81dd87bdb5451d90dd340636e88.pdf
Indo-Iranian People and Aryanəm Vaējō Territory
Mina
Safa
MA in History, University of Tehran
author
text
article
2011
per
For years and decades, archeologists and historians have been studying on the remained relics of Indo-European people. Their efforts were continued by the attempts of linguists to recognize Indian-European race and their primary homeland. This study concentrated “Andronovo” and “Jeyhoon as two ancient cultures which here identified as Indo-Iranian. It poses this claim in discussion that during the late 3rd millennium B. C., these tribes have probably separated from Indo-European tribes which settled in the steps of Eurasia. During late 2nd and early 1st millennium B. C. (Late Bronze Age), they continued their way towards the southern parts of central Asia and Afghanistan. These people after separating of the other tribes entered northern India and Iranian Plateau. Avesta, as the main historical evidence of the Persian language people and particularly Gathas, are our main textual source to become aware of the Arian people. It includes this people’s memories of their original land which they called it Aryanəm vaējō. In this research, an effort has been done to determine geographic situation of Aryanəm vaējō through investigation in findings of archeologists and comparing it with the text of Avesta and less Rig Veda.
Historical Studies
IHCS
2251-7766
2
v.
1
no.
2011
157
176
https://historicalstudy.ihcs.ac.ir/article_173_8c794cd02bd7b95d5955764da1669c9a.pdf